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A problem that belongs to NP can be proven to be NP-complete by finding a single polynomial-time many-one reduction to it from a known NP-complete problem. [6] Polynomial-time many-one reductions have been used to define complete problems for other complexity classes, including the PSPACE-complete languages and EXPTIME-complete languages. [7]
In computational complexity theory, Karp's 21 NP-complete problems are a set of computational problems which are NP-complete.In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", [1] Richard Karp used Stephen Cook's 1971 theorem that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete [2] (also called the Cook-Levin theorem) to show that there is a polynomial time many-one reduction ...
All currently known NP-complete problems are NP-complete under log space reductions. All currently known NP-complete problems remain NP-complete even under much weaker reductions such as reductions and reductions. Some NP-Complete problems such as SAT are known to be complete even under polylogarithmic time projections. [7]
For example, it's quite possible to reduce a difficult-to-solve NP-complete problem like the boolean satisfiability problem to a trivial problem, like determining if a number equals zero, by having the reduction machine solve the problem in exponential time and output zero only if there is a solution. However, this does not achieve much ...
A decision problem H is NP-hard when for every problem L in NP, there is a polynomial-time many-one reduction from L to H. [1]: 80 Another definition is to require that there be a polynomial-time reduction from an NP-complete problem G to H.
That is, if A and B are two NP-complete problem classes, there is a polynomial-time one-to-one reduction from A to B whose inverse is also computable in polynomial time. Agrawal et al. used their equivalence between AC 0 reductions and NC 0 reductions to show that all sets complete for NP under AC 0 reductions are AC 0-isomorphic. [6]
NP can be defined similarly using nondeterministic Turing machines (the traditional way). However, a modern approach uses the concept of certificate and verifier. Formally, NP is the set of languages with a finite alphabet and verifier that runs in polynomial time. The following defines a "verifier": Let L be a language over a finite alphabet, Σ.
Quadratic programming (NP-hard in some cases, P if convex) Subset sum problem [3]: SP13 Variations on the Traveling salesman problem. The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric.