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External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a form of radiotherapy that utilizes a high-energy collimated beam of ionizing radiation, from a source outside the body, to target and kill cancer cells. The radiotherapy beam is composed of particles, which are focussed in a particular direction of travel using collimators. [ 1 ]
A 1906 proposal to change to electrion failed because Hendrik Lorentz preferred to keep electron. [25] [26] The word electron is a combination of the words electric and ion. [27] The suffix -on which is now used to designate other subatomic particles, such as a proton or neutron, is in turn derived from electron. [28] [29]
Areas of application are life science, medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Similar to the differentiation between " electric " and " electronics ," a difference can be made between applications such as therapy and surgery , which use light mainly to transfer energy, and applications such as diagnostics , which use light to excite ...
Electron beam processing is commonly used for sterilization. Electron beams are an on-off technology that provide a much higher dose rate than gamma or X-rays emitted by radioisotopes like cobalt-60 (60 Co) or caesium-137 (137 Cs). Due to the higher dose rate, less exposure time is required and polymer degradation is reduced.
The basic components of a typical electron-beam processing device include: [1] an electron gun (consisting of a cathode, grid, and anode), used to generate and accelerate the primary beam; and, a magnetic optical (focusing and deflection) system, used for controlling the way in which the electron beam impinges on the material being processed ...
In recent physics literature, a large majority of the electronic structures and band plots are calculated using density-functional theory (DFT), which is not a model but rather a theory, i.e., a microscopic first-principles theory of condensed matter physics that tries to cope with the electron-electron many-body problem via the introduction of ...
For culturing cells and tissue engineering, this crystal is found in fetal bovine serum, and is an important aspect of the extracellular matrix for culturing cells. [13] Ultrastructure is an important factor to consider when engineering dental implants. Since these devices interface directly with bone, their incorporation to surrounding tissue ...
An account of the early history of scanning electron microscopy has been presented by McMullan. [2] [3] Although Max Knoll produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, [4] it was Manfred von Ardenne who in 1937 invented [5] a microscope with high resolution by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely ...