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In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures (abbreviated EN 1991 or, informally, EC 1) describes how to design load-bearing structures. It includes characteristic values for various types of loads and densities for all materials which are likely to be used in construction.
BS 5400-1:1988 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. General statement. BS 5400-2:2006 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. Specification for loads. BS 5400-3:2000 Steel, concrete and composite bridges. Code of practice for design of steel bridges. (This part of standard is being partially replaced) BS 5400-4:1990 Steel, concrete and ...
In structural engineering, deflection is the degree to which a part of a long structural element (such as beam) is deformed laterally (in the direction transverse to its longitudinal axis) under a load. It may be quantified in terms of an angle (angular displacement) or a distance (linear displacement).
The arc of the deck and its large movement under load make such bridges unsuitable for vehicular traffic. Simple suspension bridges are restricted in their use to foot traffic. For safety, they are built with stout handrail cables, supported on short piers at each end, and running parallel to the load-bearing cables.
Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings, it's common to include a Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) of around 5 pounds per square foot ...
In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable ...
Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. [1] No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported. The simplest beam bridge could be a log (see log bridge), a wood plank, or a stone slab (see clapper bridge) laid
Concrete is the most popular structural material for bridges, and prestressed concrete is frequently adopted. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] When investigated in the 1940s for use on heavy-duty bridges, the advantages of this type of bridge over more traditional designs was that it is quicker to install, more economical and longer-lasting with the bridge being ...