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Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [1] [2] [3] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal. [4]
Integrative thinking is a field that was developed by Graham Douglas in 1986. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is defined as the process of integrating intuition , reason , and imagination in a human mind to develop a holistic continuum of strategy, tactics, action, review, and evaluation.
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems. Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole.
[45] [46] The typically Eastern holistic thinking style is a type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context and the ways in which objects relate to each other. [45] For example, if an Easterner was asked to judge how a classmate is feeling then he/she might scan everyone's face in the class, and then use this information to judge ...
The concept first made its appearance in psychology with roots in the holistic perspective of Gestalt theories. It was developed by Kurt Lewin , a Gestalt psychologist, in the 1940s. Lewin's field theory can be expressed by a formula : B = f(p,e), meaning that behavior (B) is a function of the person (p) and their cultural environment (e).
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician Alexander Bogdanov, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, and sociologist Talcott Parsons; in the study of ecological systems by Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum; in Fritjof Capra's study of organizational theory; in the study of management by Peter Senge; in ...
The Skill Model refers to the direct, holistic discrimination of what a situation calls for as the performer's "intuition" or "intuitive perspective." The emergence of an intuitive perspective, a direct sense of what is relevant and called for in a given situation, characterizes stages four and five of the Skill Model (proficiency and expertise).
A low relational mobility is leading to cognitive tendencies that theorists call holistic thinking, while high relational mobility is associated with analytic thinking. This difference in social cognition is defined as a difference in how people attribute their own and others’ behavior to either internal causes (the actors’ dispositions ...