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The exact cause of velamentous cord insertion is unknown, although risk factors include nulliparity, [2] [6] the use of assisted reproductive technology, [6] [12] maternal obesity, [6] [7] and pregnancy with other placental anomalies. [9] Velamentous cord insertion is often diagnosed using an abdominal ultrasound.
A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die.. Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term.
Battledore insertion, abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta, occurs in about 7% of pregnancies and can also result in many of the same pregnancy complications as circumvallate placenta; intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, and fetal death.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation of the developing embryo and fetus. These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior , the functioning of the heart , blood vessels , and blood , metabolism including increases in blood sugar ...
Vasa previa is seen more commonly with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, accessory placental lobes (succenturiate or bilobate placenta ), multiple gestation, and in vitro fertilisation pregnancy. In IVF pregnancies, incidence as high as one in 300 has been reported [citation needed].
It is characterized by changes in fetal movement, growth, heart rate, and presence of meconium stained fluid. [ 4 ] Risk factors for fetal distress/non-reassuring fetal status include anemia , restriction of fetal growth , maternal hypertension or cardiovascular disease, low amniotic fluid or meconium in the amniotic fluid, or a post-term ...
On fetal heart tracing (a linear recording of the fetal heart rate) this would usually look like moderate to severe variable decelerations. [6] In overt cord prolapse, the cord can be seen or felt on the vulva or vagina. [1] The main issue with cord prolapse is that, once the cord is prolapsed, it is prone to compression by the foetus and the womb.