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A crowd changes its level of emotional intensity over time, and therefore, can be classed in any one of the four types. Generally, researchers in crowd psychology have focused on the negative aspects of crowds, [11] but not all crowds are volatile or negative in nature. For example, in the beginning of the socialist movement crowds were asked ...
The idea of a "group mind" or "mob behavior" was first put forward by 19th-century social psychologists Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon.Herd behavior in human societies has also been studied by Sigmund Freud and Wilfred Trotter, whose book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War is a classic in the field of social psychology.
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He went on to complete his MSc (1993) and PhD (1996) in Psychology at the University of Exeter, under the supervision of Professor Steve Reicher. On completing his PhD, Drury worked as a Research Psychologist at the Trust for the Study of Adolescence (later known as Young People in Focus ) from 1996 to 1998, providing research-based evidence ...
Group psychology can also influence behaviour positively; in the event that one bystander takes responsibility for the situation and takes specific action, other bystanders are more likely to follow course. This is a positive example of the usually-pejorative herd mentality.
Gustave le Bon's book The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind also refers to Tarde as a source. Henri Bergson [8] Sigmund Freud built on Tarde's ideas of imitation and suggestion for his work on the theory of the crowd, published as Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. [9]
Motivation crowding theory is the theory from psychology and microeconomics suggesting that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for performing that behavior.
Reicher's work on crowd psychology has challenged the dominant notion of crowd as site of irrationality and deindividuation. His social identity model (SIM, 1982, 1984, 1987) of crowd behaviour suggests that people are able to act as one in crowd events not because of 'contagion' or social facilitation but because they share a common social ...