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An example of a multiview orthographic drawing from a US Patent (1913), showing two views of the same object. Third angle projection is used. In third-angle projection , the object is conceptually located in quadrant III, i.e. it is positioned below and behind the viewing planes, the planes are transparent , and each view is pulled onto the ...
Orthographic projection (also orthogonal projection and analemma) [a] is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.Orthographic projection is a form of parallel projection in which all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, [2] resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface.
Aside from the Orthographic, six standard principal views (Front; Right Side; Left Side; Top; Bottom; Rear), descriptive geometry strives to yield four basic solution views: the true length of a line (i.e., full size, not foreshortened), the point view (end view) of a line, the true shape of a plane (i.e., full size to scale, or not ...
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected into any plane other than one of the six primary views. [12] These views are typically used when an object contains some sort of inclined plane. Using the auxiliary view allows for that inclined plane (and any other significant features) to be projected in their true size and shape.
Mark the final position as point ¯. In order to obtain undistorted results, select the projections of the axes and foreshortenings carefully (see below). In order to produce an orthographic projection , only the projections of the coordinate axes are freely selected; the foreshortenings are fixed (see de:orthogonale Axonometrie ).
The 3D point corresponding to a specific image point is constrained to be on the line of sight. From a single image, it is impossible to determine which point on this line corresponds to the image point. If two images are available, then the position of a 3D point can be found as the intersection of the two projection rays.
Vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic (from the Greek orthos (= “straight”) and graphē (= “drawing”)) for the projection. However, the name analemma , which also meant a sundial showing latitude and longitude, was the common name until François d'Aguilon of Antwerp promoted its present name in 1613.
Classification of Axonometric projection and some 3D projections "Axonometry" means "to measure along the axes". In German literature, axonometry is based on Pohlke's theorem, such that the scope of axonometric projection could encompass every type of parallel projection, including not only orthographic projection (and multiview projection), but also oblique projection.