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The characteristic frequency associated with drift waves involving electron flow [5] is given by = (), where is the wavenumber perpendicular to the pressure gradient of the plasma, is the Boltzmann constant, is the electron temperature, is the elementary charge, is the background magnetic field and is the number density gradient of the plasma.
The existence of a greater number of particles that move slower than the wave phase velocity as compared with those that move faster, leads to an energy transfer from the wave to the particles. In the case of the two-stream instability , when an electron stream is injected to the plasma, the particles' velocity distribution function has a "bump ...
Stokes drift – besides e.g. Ekman drift and geostrophic currents – is one of the relevant processes in the transport of marine debris. [1] For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow.
The Stokes drift velocity ū S, which is the particle drift after one wave cycle divided by the period, can be estimated using the results of linear theory: [38] u ¯ S = 1 2 σ k a 2 cosh 2 k ( z + h ) sinh 2 k h e k , {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {u} }}_{S}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\sigma ka^{2}{\frac {\cosh 2k(z+h)}{\sinh ^{2}kh}}\mathbf {e ...
Wave energy densities T, V and E are integrated over depth and averaged over one wavelength, so they are energies per unit of horizontal area; the wave momentum density I is similar. The dashed black lines show 1/16 (kH) 2 and 1/8 (kH) 2, being the values of the integral properties as derived from (linear) Airy wave theory.
The NFL season is over, and now the fun can really begin. All 32 teams will have to hit the ground running as they prepare to retool or overhaul their rosters ahead of the 2025 season.
Longshore drift from longshore current is a geological process that consists of the transportation of sediments (clay, silt, pebbles, sand, shingle, shells) along a coast parallel to the shoreline, which is dependent on the angle of incoming wave direction. Oblique incoming wind squeezes water along the coast, generating a water current that ...
Hints and the solution for today's Wordle on Tuesday, February 4.