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Dualism in Indian philosophy is a belief, or large spectrum of beliefs, held by certain schools of Indian philosophy that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts or two types of existence. This mainly takes the form of either mind-matter dualism, as in some strands of Buddhist philosophy , or consciousness-nonconsciousness dualism in the ...
[109] [note 7] According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Advaita "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism": [111] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ekamevadvitiyam. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic ...
In contrast to Madhva's Dvaita Vedānta, which posits a strict dualism between the soul, world, and God, Svabhāvika Bhedābheda maintains a balance between difference and non-difference, holding that the relationship is naturally dual yet unified.
In this practice of 'non-contact' (a-sparśa), the mind is controlled and brought to rest, and does not create "things" (appearances) after which it grasps; it becomes non-dual, free from the subject-[grasping]-object dualism. [187] [50] Knowing that only Atman/Brahman is real, the creations of the mind are seen as false appearances (MK III.31-33).
The universe is conceptualised as a duality in Yoga school: puruṣa (witness-consciousness) and prakṛti (mind, perception, matter); however, the Yoga school discusses this concept more generically as "seer, experiencer" and "seen, experienced" than the Samkhya school. [77] A key text of the Yoga school is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
According to Dvaita (dualism), the Jīvātman is totally and always different from Brahman / Īśvara. [44] According to Shuddhadvaita (pure non-dualism), the Jīvātman and Brahman are identical; both, along with the changing empirically observed universe being Krishna. [45] Epistemology in Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita Vedanta.
Yoga in popular culture focuses on what it looks like on athletic bodies, as opposed to what it feels like in diverse bodies - that’s where non-performative yoga comes in
Samkhya-Yoga believes that the Puruṣa cannot be regarded as the source of inanimate world, because an intelligent principle cannot transform itself into the unconscious world. This metaphysics is a pluralistic spiritualism, a form of realism built on the foundation of dualism. [32] Yoga-philosophy adopts the theory of Guṇa from Samkhya.