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A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that ...
In trigonometry, the law of tangents or tangent rule [1] is a statement about the relationship between the tangents of two angles of a triangle and the lengths of the opposing sides. In Figure 1, a , b , and c are the lengths of the three sides of the triangle, and α , β , and γ are the angles opposite those three respective sides.
One radian is defined as the angle at the center of a circle in a plane that subtends an arc whose length equals the radius of the circle. [6] More generally, the magnitude in radians of a subtended angle is equal to the ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, =, where θ is the magnitude in radians of the subtended angle, s is arc length, and r is radius.
The mathematics of trigonometry and exponentials are related but not exactly the same; exponential notation emphasizes the whole, whereas cis x and cos x + i sin x notations emphasize the parts. This can be rhetorically useful to mathematicians and engineers when discussing this function, and further serve as a mnemonic (for cos + i sin ).
Here, is the Hyperbolic tangent and the superscript of -1, above it, is shorthand notation for the inverse function of the Trigonometric function, tangent. For k > 1 {\displaystyle k>1} , a smooth approximation of the sign function is sgn x ≈ tanh k x . {\displaystyle \operatorname {sgn} x\approx \tanh kx\,.}
The versine or versed sine is a trigonometric function found in some of the earliest (Sanskrit Aryabhatia, [1] Section I) trigonometric tables.The versine of an angle is 1 minus its cosine.
The symbol is logical equality and indicates that if the left hand side is true then so is the right hand side and, conversely, if the right hand side is true then so is the left hand side (see this footnote [note 1] for more details and an example illustrating this concept).