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Hyperpalatable food (HPF) combines high levels of fat, sugar, sodium, and/or carbohydrates to trigger the brain's reward system, encouraging excessive eating. [1] The concept of hyperpalatability is foundational to ultra-processed foods , which are usually engineered to have enjoyable qualities of sweetness, saltiness, or richness. [ 2 ]
For instance, long-term low-carbohydrate high-fat diets are associated with increased cardiac and non-cardiac mortality. [21] Teenagers following fad diets are at risk of permanently stunted growth. [6] Some fad diets do however provide short-term [22] [23] and long-term results for individuals with specific illnesses such as obesity or epilepsy.
The Western pattern diet is a modern dietary pattern that is generally characterized by high intakes of pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, high-sugar drinks, candy and sweets, fried foods, industrially produced animal products, butter and other high-fat dairy products, eggs, potatoes, corn (and high-fructose corn ...
The seven major classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, proteins, vitamins, and water. [7] Nutrients can be grouped as either macronutrients or micronutrients (needed in small quantities). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients, and provide energy. [7] Water and fiber are macronutrients, but do not provide ...
Concerns were also expressed at a 2010 conference of the American Dietetic Association that a blanket recommendation to avoid saturated fats could drive people to also reduce the amount of polyunsaturated fats, which may have health benefits, and/or replace fats by refined carbohydrates — which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease. [75]
A food product with excellent micronutrient content may get a very low nutrient density, if it also has significant energy content, even if that energy is provided by healthy macronutrients like essential amino acids, unsaturated fats and slow carbohydrates.
Diets high in sugar, refined grains and processed foods have been associated with a risk of chronic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and potential adverse mental health impacts.
Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are more highly hydrated. For example, 1 g of glycogen binds approximately 2 g of water, which translates to 1.33 kcal/g (4 kcal/3 g). This means that fatty acids can hold more than six times the amount of energy per unit of stored mass.