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  2. Anogenital distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anogenital_distance

    Anogenital distance (AGD) is the distance from the midpoint of the anus to the genitalia, the underside of the vagina, the clitoris or the scrotum. It is considered medically significant for a number of reasons, in both humans and other animals, including sex determination and as a marker of endocrine disruptor exposure. [ 1 ]

  3. Flutamide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutamide

    Androgen receptor antagonistic potency of spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, and flutamide in castrated male rats treated with exogenous testosterone (as measured by inhibition of androgen-dependent ventral prostate weight). [100] Bicalutamide is a much more potent androgen receptor antagonist than flutamide both in animals and in humans.

  4. Perineum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineum

    The anogenital distance is a measure of the distance between the midpoint of the anus and the underside of the scrotum or the vagina. Studies show that the human perineum is twice as long in males as in females. [9]

  5. File:Anogenital distance female and male.jpg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anogenital_distance...

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  6. Antiandrogens in the environment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogens_in_the...

    [1] [3] Even with low doses of antiandrogenic pesticides, developmental effects such as reduced anogenital distance and induction of areolas were seen in male rats. [1] Animal studies show that deformities result in offspring exposed to antiandrogens. [1]

  7. Xenoestrogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoestrogen

    [20] [73] Oral exposure of female rats to xenoestrogens has been shown to cause pseudo precocious puberty (early vaginal opening and early first estrus). [53] [74] [75] [76] A study of dioxin in immature female rats induced early follicular development [77] and phthalates are known to decrease the anogenital distance in newborn rats. [65]

  8. Dicarboximide fungicides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboximide_fungicides

    [3] [4] Even with low doses of antiandrogenic pesticides, developmental effects such as reduced anogenital distance and induction of areolas were seen in male rats. [ 3 ] References

  9. Diisobutyl phthalate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate

    Exposure to the compound can induce changes in body weight, liver weight, reproductive effects, and developmental effects like testicular weight, spermatogenesis, fetal body weight, anogenital distance in male and female rats, and testicular testosterone production, among others. [30]