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Cephalic disorders (from Greek κεφαλή 'head') are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system.. Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as medication taken by the ...
There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children. Infants with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. [10] Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled scalp. [11]
Scaphocephaly or sagittal craniosynostosis is a type of cephalic disorder which occurs when there is a premature fusion of the sagittal suture. Premature closure results in limited lateral expansion of the skull, resulting in a characteristic long, narrow head. [1] The skull base is typically spared. [2]
Some children are born with structural brain anomalies such as cortical dysplasia or polymicrogyria. While developmental delay is nearly universal in this syndrome it is variable in severity, with the majority having mild to moderate delays and a minority having severe cognitive impairment. Some patients are affected with a seizure disorder.
Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [2]
Infants with extensive defects show symptoms of the disorder shortly after birth, and the diagnosis is usually made before the age of 1. [ 2 ] [ 7 ] The following text lists out common signs and symptoms of porencephaly in affected individuals along with a short description of certain terminologies.
a normal cephalic index (maximum cranium width / maximum cranium length) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadening; The neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses. Neuropsychological signs are:
Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. [1] It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. . People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorde