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The century of humiliation was a period in Chinese history beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842), and ending in 1945 with China (then the Republic of China) emerging out of the Second World War as one of the Big Four and established as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, or alternately, ending in 1949 with the ...
The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) were two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during the mid-19th century. The First Opium War was fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and Britain.
In the 19th century the empire was internally restive and externally threatened by western powers. The defeat by the British Empire in the First Opium War (1840) led to the Treaty of Nanking (1842), under which Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and importation of opium (produced by British Empire territories) was allowed. Opium usage continued to ...
19th century: Ningpo Massacre: Cantonese pirates (with support from the Qing) defeated Portuguese pirates. 1820s–1850s: Afaqi Khoja revolts: Aq Taghlik Khojas (Afaqi Khojas) attack Xinjiang. Qing victory 1839–1842: First Opium War: The Qing lost to the British and ceded Hong Kong to the latter. Included the following battles: 1839
By the late 19th century Chinese domestic opium production challenged and then surpassed imports. The 20th century opened with effective campaigns to suppress domestic farming, and in 1907 the British government signed a treaty to eliminate imports. The fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, however, led to a resurgence in domestic production.
It was the largest war in China since the Ming–Qing transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century, comparable to World War I in terms of deaths.
19th century in China by city (11 C). 19th century in Hong Kong (11 C, 1 P) / 19th-century disestablishments in China (4 C) 19th-century establishments in China (13 C ...
While the Qing dynasty tried to maintain the traditional tributary system of China, by the 19th century Qing China had become part of a European-style community of sovereign states [96] and established official diplomatic relations with more than twenty countries around the world before its downfall, and since the 1870s it established legations ...