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  2. Black Codes (United States) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)

    The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...

  3. Reconstruction era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era

    During fall 1865, out of response to the Black Codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress. Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the Thirteenth ...

  4. Civil rights movement (1865–1896) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865...

    Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867. Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 to the Compromise of 1877. [1] [2]The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves (called "Freedmen"), the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels, the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states, the powers of the federal government needed to ...

  5. History of forced labor in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_unfree_labor_in...

    The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

  6. Reconstruction Amendments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments

    The Reconstruction Amendments, or the Civil War Amendments, are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870. [1] The amendments were a part of the implementation of the Reconstruction of the American South which occurred after the Civil War .

  7. History of civil rights in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in...

    The movement has origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the human ...

  8. Memphis massacre of 1866 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866

    The Freedmen's Bureau continued to struggle to protect the remaining residents. By 1870, the black population had declined by one-quarter from 1865, to about 15,000, [58] out of a total city population of more than 40,000. [8] The black community continued to resist; on May 22, 1866, dock workers at the river held a strike and marched for ...

  9. Convict leasing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_leasing

    Convict leasing in the United States was widespread in the South during the Reconstruction Period (1865–1877) after the end of the Civil War, when many Southern legislatures were ruled by majority coalitions of African Americans and Radical Republicans, [11] [12] and Union generals acted as military governors. Farmers and businessmen needed ...