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Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).
The difference between the ground state energy, n, and the first excited state, n+1, corresponds to the energy required to excite the system. This energy has a specific wavelength, and therefore color of light, related by: = A common example of this phenomenon is in β-carotene.
Any other configuration is an excited state. As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below). The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p subshell, to obtain the 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1 configuration, abbreviated as the 3p level ...
When an excited electron falls back to a state of lower energy, it undergoes electron relaxation (deexcitation [4]). This is accompanied by the emission of a photon (radiative relaxation/spontaneous emission) or by a transfer of energy to another particle. The energy released is equal to the difference in energy levels between the electron ...
In a fundamental vibration, the molecule is excited from its ground state (v = 0) to the first excited state (v = 1). The symmetry of the ground-state wave function is the same as that of the molecule. It is, therefore, a basis for the totally symmetric representation in the point group of the molecule. It follows that, for a vibrational ...
An asterisk is commonly used to designate an excited state. An electron transition in a molecule's bond from a ground state to an excited state may have a designation such as σ → σ*, π → π*, or n → π* meaning excitation of an electron from a σ bonding to a σ antibonding orbital, from a π bonding to a π antibonding orbital, or ...
The ground state (the lowest state) of + is denoted X 2 Σ + g [13] or 1sσ g and it is gerade. There is also the first excited state A 2 Σ + u (2pσ u), which is ungerade. Total energies (E tot, in units Hartree, the atomic unit of energy) of the lowest states of the hydrogen molecular ion H +
The lowest of these states is the ground state and this often, but not always, arises from removal of the electron from the HOMO. The other states are excited electronic states. For example, the electronic configuration of the H 2 O molecule is (1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 , [ 10 ] where the symbols a 1 , b 2 and b 1 are ...