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  2. International English Language Testing System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_English...

    International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) [6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [6] and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests ...

  3. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework...

    An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.

  4. List of language proficiency tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language...

    The following is a non-exhaustive list of standardized tests that assess a person's language proficiency of a foreign/secondary language. Various types of such exams exist per many languages—some are organized at an international level even through national authoritative organizations, while others simply for specific limited business or study orientation.

  5. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    HTML Form format HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5; HTML 2.0 since 1.2 Forms Data Format (FDF) based on PDF, uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much simpler than PDF since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object. Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2).

  6. Cambridge University Press - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press

    2011, formed a partnership with Cambridge Assessment to publish official Cambridge preparation materials for Cambridge English and IELTS examinations. 2015, formed a strategic content and technology partnership with Edmodo, the world's most extensive e-learning platform for primary and secondary teachers and pupils, to bring premier educational ...

  7. Cambridge English Corpus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_English_Corpus

    This is central to the work of English Profile, a collaborative programme to enhance the learning, teaching and assessment of English worldwide. [5] The founding partners are Cambridge University Press , Cambridge English Language Assessment , the University of Cambridge , the University of Bedfordshire , the British Council and English UK. [ 6 ]

  8. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  9. Automated essay scoring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring

    Automated essay scoring (AES) is the use of specialized computer programs to assign grades to essays written in an educational setting. It is a form of educational assessment and an application of natural language processing. Its objective is to classify a large set of textual entities into a small number of discrete categories, corresponding ...