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The cellular processes of DNA replication and transcription involve DNA and RNA synthesis, respectively. DNA synthesis uses dNTPs as substrates, while RNA synthesis uses rNTPs as substrates. [2] NTPs cannot be converted directly to dNTPs. DNA contains four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
A ribonucleotide tri-phosphate (rNTP) is composed of a ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups attached via diester bonds to the 5' oxygen on the ribose and a nitrogenous base attached to the 1' carbon on the ribose. rNTP's are also referred to as NTPs while the deoxyribose version is referred to as dNTPs.
The RNA replication process is a four-step mechanism: Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding – initially, the RdRp presents with a vacant active site in which an NTP binds, complementary to the corresponding nucleotide on the template strand. Correct NTP binding causes the RdRp to undergo a conformational change. [11]
Transcription in the archaea domain is similar to transcription in eukaryotes. [25] Transcription begins with matching of NTPs to the first and second in the DNA sequence. This, like most of the remainder of transcription, is an energy-dependent process, consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other NTP.
In enzymology, a nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPase) (EC 3.6.1.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. NTP + H 2 O NDP + phosphate. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NTP and H 2 O, whereas its two products are NDP and phosphate.
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase. The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the result is a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA.
Abortive initiation is a normal process of transcription and occurs both in vitro and in vivo. [2] After each nucleotide-addition step in initial transcription, RNA polymerase, stochastically, can proceed on the pathway toward promoter escape (productive initiation) or can release the RNA product and revert to the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex (abortive initiation).
Aminoallyl NTPs are used for indirect DNA labeling in PCR, nick translation, primer extensions and cDNA synthesis. [13] These labeled NTPs are helpful because of their application in molecular biology labs where they do not have the capacity to handle radioactive material.