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  2. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    Instead of the radial distance r geographers commonly use altitude above or below some local reference surface (vertical datum), which, for example, may be the mean sea level. When needed, the radial distance can be computed from the altitude by adding the radius of Earth, which is approximately 6,360 ± 11 km (3,952 ± 7 miles).

  3. Radial distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_distance

    Radial distance, typically denoted r or ρ , is the distance from the origin to a point along the radial dimension in a: Polar coordinate system Spherical coordinate system

  4. Coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_system

    It assigns three numbers (known as coordinates) to every point in Euclidean space: radial distance r, polar angle θ , and azimuthal angle φ . The symbol ρ ( rho ) is often used instead of r . In geometry , a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers , or coordinates , to uniquely determine the position of the points or ...

  5. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    In green, the point with radial coordinate 3 and angular coordinate 60 degrees or (3, 60°). In blue, the point (4, 210°). In mathematics, the polar coordinate system specifies a given point in a plane by using a distance and an angle as its two coordinates. These are the point's distance from a reference point called the pole, and

  6. Zernike polynomials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zernike_polynomials

    (odd function over the azimuthal angle ) where m and n are nonnegative integers with n ≥ m ≥ 0 (m = 0 for spherical Zernike polynomials), is the azimuthal angle, ρ is the radial distance , and are the radial polynomials defined below.

  7. Cylindrical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_coordinate_system

    The radius and the azimuth are together called the polar coordinates, as they correspond to a two-dimensional polar coordinate system in the plane through the point, parallel to the reference plane. The third coordinate may be called the height or altitude (if the reference plane is considered horizontal), longitudinal position , [ 1 ] or axial ...

  8. Google Maps Navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation

    Google Maps Navigation is a mobile application developed by Google for the Android and iOS operating systems that later integrated into the Google Maps mobile app. The application uses an Internet connection to a GPS navigation system to provide turn-by-turn voice-guided instructions on how to arrive at a given destination. [1]

  9. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...