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A factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role.
Malingering is established as separate from similar forms of excessive illness behaviour, such as somatization disorder, wherein symptoms are not deliberately falsified. Another disorder is factitious disorder, which lacks a desire for secondary, external gain. [7] [6] Both of these are recognised as diagnosable by the DSM-5. However, not all ...
The syndrome may occur in persons with other mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depressive disorders, toxic states, paresis, alcohol use disorders and factitious disorders. [3] Ganser syndrome can sometimes be diagnosed as merely malingering, but it is more often defined as a dissociative disorder. [3]
The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" was first coined in 1977, but the condition is now also called "factitious disorder imposed on another," and "fabricated or induced illness in a child ...
In the context of a positive Hoover's sign, functional weakness (or "conversion disorder") is much more likely than malingering or factitious disorder. [3] Strong hip muscles can make the test difficult to interpret. [4] Efforts have been made to use the theory behind the sign to report a quantitative result. [5]
Primary gain can be a component of any disease, but is most typically demonstrated in conversion disorder — a psychiatric disorder in which stressors manifest themselves as physical symptoms without organic causes, such as a person who becomes blind after seeing a murder. The "gain" may not be particularly evident to an outside observer.
Factitious disorders are fundamentally a mental problem, despite the repeated faking of symptoms there is no clear secondary gain. Of the factitious disorders, Munchausens is the most serious of the physical factitious disorders. Malingering is fundamentally different as it is a premeditated fraudulent behaviour for a clear seconday gain.
"People with factitious disorder are typically well-informed of the illness they are feigning," Ammon says. "They may exaggerate symptoms or create symptoms, create elaborate medical histories ...