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The method of sending a break is dependent on the terminal program or hardware used to connect to the serial console. A sysctl option needs to be set to enable this function. [11] The Linux daemons sysrqd [12] and tcpconsole [13] provide a method of accessing SysRq features over a TCP connection after authenticating with a plain-text password.
This disallows a root user to load arbitrary code via kexec and execute it, complementing the UEFI secure boot and in-kernel security mechanisms for ensuring that only signed Linux kernel modules can be inserted into the running kernel. [4] [5] [6] Kexec is used by LinuxBoot to boot the main kernel from the Linux kernel located in the firmware.
/boot/ is often simply a directory on the main (or only) hard drive partition.However, it may be a separate partition. A separate partition is generally only used when bootloaders are incapable of reading the main filesystem (e.g. LILO does not recognize XFS) or other problems not easily resolvable by users.
An initramfs-style boot is similar, but not identical to the described initrd boot. At this point, with interrupts enabled, the scheduler can take control of the overall management of the system, to provide pre-emptive multi-tasking, and the init process is left to continue booting the user environment in user space.
Directory Description / Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. /bin: Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it, [3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp). /boot: Boot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd). /dev
Used by Debian (replaces SysV init) and Ubuntu, among other popular Linux distributions. SystemStarter, a process spawner started by the BSD-style init in Mac OS X prior to Mac OS X v10.4; Upstart, a full replacement of init designed to start processes asynchronously. Initiated by Ubuntu and used by them until 2014.
Boot-loader options can be changed during startup before the execution of the kernel. In FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD it can be changed before rebooting the system with the command nextboot -o "-s" -k kernel , and its bootloader offers the option on bootup to start in single-user mode.
tmpfs (short for Temporary File System) is a temporary file storage paradigm implemented in many Unix-like operating systems. It is intended to appear as a mounted file system, but data is stored in volatile memory instead of a persistent storage device.