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PKM2 plays a key role in modulating glucose metabolism to support cell proliferation. PKM2, like other PK isoforms, catalyzes the last energy-generating step in glycolysis, but is unique in its capacity to be regulated. PKM2 is regulated on several cellular levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing and post-translational ...
Phosphorylation of PKM2 by Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK2) causes conformational changes that allow PKM2 to enter the nucleus and regulate glycolytic gene expression required for tumor development. [39] Some studies state that there is a shift in expression from PKM1 to PKM2 during carcinogenesis.
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer.When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. [1]
In this way, the advantage conferred by PKM2 expression would be eliminated. In preclinical studies, drugs such as 6-amino-nicotinamide (6-AN), which inhibits G6P dehydrogenase, the enzyme that initiates the PPP have shown anti-tumorigenic effects in leukemia , glioblastoma and lung cancer cell lines.
PKM2 is an isozyme of pyruvate kinase that is responsible for the Warburg effect in cancer cells. [12] A-Raf upregulates the activity of PKM2 by promoting a conformational change in PKM2. This causes PKM2 to transition from its low-activity dimeric form to a highly active tetrameric form.
18563 Ensembl ENSG00000173599 ENSMUSG00000024892 UniProt P11498 Q05920 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000920 NM_001040716 NM_022172 NM_001162946 NM_008797 RefSeq (protein) NP_000911 NP_001035806 NP_071504 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 66.85 – 66.96 Mb Chr 19: 4.56 – 4.67 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme (EC 6.4.1.1) of ...
5313 18770 Ensembl ENSG00000262785 ENSG00000143627 ENSMUSG00000041237 UniProt P30613 P53657 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000298 NM_181871 NM_001099779 NM_013631 RefSeq (protein) NP_000289 NP_870986 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 155.29 – 155.3 Mb Chr 3: 89.04 – 89.05 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Pyruvate kinase PKLR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKLR gene. The ...
Tumor stroma and extracellular matrix in hypoxia. Tumor hypoxia is the situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen.As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues.