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In mathematical logic, a literal is an atomic formula (also known as an atom or prime formula) or its negation. [1] [2] The definition mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution. Literals can be divided into two types: [2] A positive literal is just an atom (e.g., ).
Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space; Dirac–Kähler equation; Doppler equations; Drake equation (aka Green Bank equation) Einstein's field equations; Euler equations (fluid dynamics) Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) Relativistic Euler equations; Euler–Lagrange equation; Faraday's law of induction; Fokker–Planck equation ...
In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs.
A difference equation is an equation where the unknown is a function f that occurs in the equation through f(x), f(x−1), ..., f(x−k), for some whole integer k called the order of the equation. If x is restricted to be an integer, a difference equation is the same as a recurrence relation
the wave function in the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics; represents: the J/psi mesons in particle physics; the stream function in fluid dynamics; the reciprocal Fibonacci constant [24] the second Chebyshev function in number theory [25] the polygamma function in mathematics [26] the supergolden ratio [27]
Comptometer from the 1920s, with nines' complements marked on each key. The method of complements was used in many mechanical calculators as an alternative to running the gears backwards. For example: Pascal's calculator had two sets of result digits, a black set displaying the normal result and a red set displaying the nines' complement of ...
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.
The key is the initial proton-proton reaction. Two protons come together, and one proton is converted into a neutron (an up quark transforms into a down quark I believe).