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Almost a century after the pioneering work of Claude Bernard (1813–1878) in animals, Peters et al, in 1950, reported three patients seen at Yale New Haven Hospital with hyponatremia associated with varying cerebral pathologies and severe dehydration. In each patient, urine sodium losses persisted despite hyponatremia and a high-salt diet.
Tea and toast syndrome is a form of malnutrition commonly experienced by elderly people who cannot prepare meals and tend to themselves. The term is not intrinsic to tea or bread products only; rather, it describes limited dietary patterns that lead to reduced calories resulting in a deficiency of vitamins and other nutrients.
A fluid restriction diet is generally medically advised for patients with "heart problems, renal disease, liver damage including cirrhosis, endocrine and adrenal gland issues, elevated stress hormones and hyponatremia". [1] Patients with heart failure are recommended to restrict fluid intake down to 2 quarts per day. [2]
Hyponatremia, or low sodium, is the most commonly seen type of electrolyte imbalance. [12] [13] Treatment of electrolyte imbalance depends on the specific electrolyte involved and whether the levels are too high or too low. [3] The level of aggressiveness of treatment and choice of treatment may change depending on the severity of the ...
Treatment is simple (if not without risk) — simply restore the patient's blood volume, thereby turning off the stimulus for ongoing ADH release and water retention. [citation needed] It is worth considering separately hyponatremia that occurs in the setting of diuretic use.
The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause. [12] How quickly treatment is required depends on a person's symptoms. [12] Fluids are typically the cornerstone of initial management. [12] In those with severe disease an increase in sodium of about 5 mmol/L over one to four hours is recommended. [12]
There are many areas where patient education can improve the outcomes of treatment. For example, in patients with amputations, patient education has been shown to be effective when approached from all angles by the healthcare team (nurse, primary care physician, prosthetist, physical therapist, occupational therapist etc.).
If the patient is institutionalised, monitoring of behaviour and serum sodium levels is necessary. In treatment-resistant polydipsic psychiatric patients, regulation in the inpatient setting can be accomplished by use of a weight-water protocol. [31] First, base-line weights must be established and correlated to serum sodium levels.