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In 1965, the effects of caffeine on mammalian atrial muscle was documented by De Gubareffand Sleator. Then 5 years later, the effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on the cAMP in the guinea pig brain was described by Sattin and Rall. [1] In 1980, methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline were observed in mice by Fredholm and others.
A motivation-enhancing drug, [2] [3] also known as a pro-motivational drug, [1] is a drug which increases motivation. [4] [1] Drugs enhancing motivation can be used in the treatment of motivational deficits, for instance in depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This is hydrolysed to homocysteine and adenosine by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase EC 3.3.1.1 and the homocysteine recycled back to methionine through transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, by one of the two classes of methionine synthases (i.e. cobalamin-dependent (EC 2.1.1.13) or cobalamin-independent (EC 2.1.1.14)).
Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent SVTs, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. When adenosine is used to cardiovert an abnormal rhythm, it is normal for the heart to enter ventricular asystole for a few seconds. This can be disconcerting to a normally conscious patient, and is associated with angina-like ...
It also causes a negative dromotropic effect through the inhibition of AV-nodal conduction. [20] From the 1980s onwards, these effects of adenosine have been used in the treatment of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. [21] The regulation of vascular tone in the endothelium of blood vessels is mediated by purinergic signalling.
For non-seasonal depression, adding light therapy to the standard antidepressant treatment was not effective. [167] A meta-analysis of light therapy for non-seasonal depression conducted by Cochrane Collaboration, studied a different set of trials, where light was used mostly in combination with antidepressants or wake therapy.
Common side effects include sleepiness, nausea, dry mouth. More serious side effects include liver dysfunction, pancreatitis and polycystic ovary syndrome. [7] [8] Weight gain is possible. [9] Lamotrigine (aka Lamictal) FDA approved for bipolar disorder maintenance therapy, not for acute mood problems like depression or mania/hypomania. [10]
The therapeutic effect of antidepressants is thought to arise from autoreceptor desensitization over a period of time, eventually elevating firing of serotonergic neurons. [34] Monoamine receptors affect phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase inside of the cell. Green arrows means stimulation and red arrows inhibition.
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