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A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Paradoxical behavior is often not recalled by the patient due to the amnesia-producing properties of the drug. In extreme situations, flumazenil can be administered to inhibit or reverse the effects of midazolam. Antipsychotic medications, such as haloperidol, have also been used for this purpose. [47] Midazolam is known to cause respiratory ...
Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1% and similar to placebo. [ 8 ] [ 116 ] However, they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with borderline personality disorder , children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.
Paradoxical disinhibition is a paradoxical reaction, an uncommon but recognized phenomenon, characterized by acute excitement and an altered mental state, caused by benzodiazepines. The mechanism is poorly known, but the most accepted theory is that it occurs secondary to inhibition of the restraining influences of the cortex and frontal lobe ...
These effects are paradoxical to the use of benzodiazepines, both clinically and non-medically, in management of mental health conditions. [44] [45] Long-term benzodiazepine use may lead to the creation or exacerbation of physical and mental health conditions, which improve after six or more months of abstinence.
Adverse drug reaction (ADR), a harmful unintended result caused by taking medication; Combined drug intoxication; Conservative management; Drug-drug interaction (DDI), an alteration of the action of a drug caused by the administration of other drugs; Paradoxical reaction, an effect of a substance opposite to what would usually be expected
The frequency of prescribing for these pain medications has more than doubled from 1990 to 2010 with 20-50% of adolescents who complain of headache, back pain, or joint pain receiving a prescribed opioid. [43] [44] Before an adolescent or young adult is prescribed opioids, they should be screened for risk factors for opioid drug abuse.
Malcolm Lader at the Institute of Psychiatry in London estimates the incidence of these adverse reactions at about 5%, even in short-term use of the drugs. [23] The paradoxical reactions may consist of depression, with or without suicidal tendencies, phobias, aggressiveness, violent behavior and symptoms sometimes misdiagnosed as psychosis.