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A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Alkylamines are considered to have relatively fewer sedative and gastrointestinal adverse effects, but relatively greater incidence of paradoxical central nervous system (CNS) stimulation. [4] Pheniramine; Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) Dexchlorpheniramine; Dexbrompheniramine; Brompheniramine; Triprolidine; Dimetindene; Piperazines
paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major responses and major stimuli elicit small responses. ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [2]
Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique and a form of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). Terney et al from Göttingen University was the first group to apply tRNS in humans in 2008.
Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin (/ ˈ r ɪ t ə l ɪ n / RIT-ə-lin) and Concerta (/ k ə n ˈ s ɜːr t ə / kən-SUR-tə) among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated in the pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. This type of neurotherapy was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries or neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder.
The core body and brain temperatures increase during REM sleep and skin temperature decreases to lowest values. [1] The REM phase is also known as paradoxical sleep (PS) and sometimes desynchronized sleep or dreamy sleep, [2] because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized brain waves.
Brain surgery is also a possible strategy to manage side effects, but is very disruptive and invasive. Many surgeries result in severe discomfort for the patient and often have no resulting effect. [8] Another alternative is deep brain stimulation (DBS), which seems to be effective in many cases.