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The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
In June 2018 a record ion temperature of about 40 million degrees, a density of 0.8 × 10 20 particles/m 3, and a confinement time of 0.2 second yielded a record fusion product of 6 × 10 26 degree-seconds per cubic metre. [37] During the last experiments of 2018, the density reached 2 × 10 20 particles/m 3 at a temperature of 20 million ...
Penning fusion (PFX, LANL) Plasma jets (HyperV, Chantilly) Magnetized target fusion with mechanical compression (General Fusion, Burnaby) Field-reversed colliding beams (Tri-Alpha) Muon-catalyzed fusion (Berkeley, Alvarez) Dense Plasma Focus (Focus fusion, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Lerner) Rotating lithium wall (RWE, Maryland)
Articles dealing specifically with using this process to produce useful power are contained in the subcategory Fusion power. Articles about nuclear processes that are speculative or poorly understood (like cold fusion ), or whose potential for power production is remote (like muon-catalyzed fusion ) are kept in the main category.
When deuterium (hydrogen-2) is bombarded with deuterium, the fusion reaction yields either tritium (hydrogen-3) plus a proton or helium-3 plus a neutron (2 H + 2 H → 3 H + p or 3 He + n). This is one of the most basic fusion reactions, and the foundation of the thermonuclear weapon and the current research on controlled nuclear fusion.
The large majority of fusion research has gone toward D–T fusion, which is the easiest to achieve. Fusion experiments typically use deuterium–deuterium fusion (D–D) because deuterium is cheap and easy to handle, being non-radioactive. Experimenting with D–T fusion is more difficult because tritium is expensive and radioactive, requiring ...
That experiment briefly achieved what's known as fusion ignition by generating 3.15 megajoules of energy output after the laser delivered 2.05 megajoules to the target, the Energy Department said.
Muon-catalyzed fusion was a field of some interest during the 1980s as a potential energy source; however, its low energy output appears to be unavoidable (because of alpha-muon sticking losses). Jones led a research team that, in 1986, achieved 150 fusions per muon (average), releasing over 2,600 MeV of fusion energy per muon , a record which ...