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A particle swarm searching for the global minimum of a function. In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) [1] is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a global optimization algorithm for dealing with problems in which a best solution can be represented as a point or surface in an n-dimensional space. Hypotheses are plotted in this space and seeded with an initial velocity , as well as a communication channel between the particles.
Multi-swarm optimization is a variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the use of multiple sub-swarms instead of one (standard) swarm. The general approach in multi-swarm optimization is that each sub-swarm focuses on a specific region while a specific diversification method decides where and when to launch the sub-swarms.
James Kennedy (born November 5, 1950) is an American social psychologist, best known as an originator and researcher of particle swarm optimization.The first papers on the topic, by Kennedy and Russell C. Eberhart, were presented in 1995; since then tens of thousands of papers have been published on particle swarms.
Location map of Chicago metropolitan area name Chicago metropolitan area border coordinates 42.336 -88.465 ←↕→ -87.304 41.426 map center
McCormick Place is a convention center in Chicago. It is the largest convention center in North America. [2] It consists of four interconnected buildings and one indoor arena sited on and near the shore of Lake Michigan, about 1.0 mi (1.6 km) south of the Chicago Loop. McCormick Place hosts numerous trade shows and meetings.
The Thompson Center has been a filming location in several motion pictures, including 2000's The Watcher and 1990's The Kid Who Loved Christmas. The building was a featured location in 1986's Running Scared. It also served as the exterior for Gotham Square Garden in 2022's The Batman, though interior shots were filmed at London's O2 Arena. [27]
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) [6] or micro aerial vehicles (MAV) [7] in swarm robotics. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al. [ 8 ]