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The exact prevalence of the disorder is not known; several family and population studies show that as many as 25% of cervical dystonia patients have relatives that are undiagnosed. [29] [30] Studies have shown that spasmodic torticollis is not diagnosed immediately; many patients are diagnosed well after a year of seeking medical attention. [1]
Differential diagnosis for torticollis includes [11] [28] Cranial nerve IV palsy; Spasmus nutans [29] Sandifer syndrome; Myasthenia gravis; Cerebrospinal fluid leak; Cervical dystonia appearing in adulthood has been believed to be idiopathic in nature, as specific imaging techniques most often find no specific cause. [30]
A dog with degenerative myelopathy often stands with its legs close together and may not correct an unusual foot position due to a lack of conscious proprioception. Canine degenerative myelopathy, also known as chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy, is an incurable, progressive disease of the canine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Myoclonus dystonia includes the rapid contractions of myoclonus alongside the abnormal postures classified under dystonia, as well as neurological and psychiatric issues. This disease typically begins during childhood with symptoms of myoclonus and slight dystonia, most commonly cervical dystonia or writer's cramp. Dystonia symptoms tend to not ...
Wobbler disease or wobbler's syndrome is a broad category of cervical disorders in the horse, including the conditions listed above, as well as equine wobbles anemia and cervical vertebral myelopathy, spinal cord compression (sometimes referred to colloquially among horse owners as "cervical arthritis" due to the arthritis that accumulates in facets).
The diagnosis of focal dystonia is highly dependent on the history of the patient, as physical exam is typically normal, and ruling out other causes of movement disorder. [10] [11] The main types of are blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, spasmodic torticollis, and limb dystonia, all affecting a different region of the ...
The diagnosis is made based on positive signs and symptoms in the history and examination during consultation of a neurologist. [ 3 ] Physiotherapy is particularly helpful for patients with motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, problems with gait , movement disorders) and tailored cognitive behavioral therapy has the best evidence in patients with ...
Often the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are not apparent until the individual comes off of the antipsychotic drugs; however, when tardive dyskinesia worsens, the signs become visible. [ 24 ] Other dopamine antagonists and antiemetics can cause tardive dyskinesia, such as metoclopramide and promethazine , used to treat gastrointestinal disorders .