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WPA-Personal and WPA2-Personal remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. [34]
IEEE 802.11i enhances IEEE 802.11-1999 by providing a Robust Security Network (RSN) with two new protocols: the four-way handshake and the group key handshake. These utilize the authentication services and port access control described in IEEE 802.1X to establish and change the appropriate cryptographic keys.
Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) or CCM mode Protocol (CCMP) is an authenticated encryption protocol designed for Wireless LAN products that implements the standards of the IEEE 802.11i amendment to the original IEEE 802.11 standard.
For example, WPA2 uses: DK = PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1, passphrase, ssid, 4096, 256) PBKDF1 had a simpler process: the initial U (called T in this version) is created by PRF(Password + Salt), and the following ones are simply PRF(U previous). The key is extracted as the first dkLen bits of the final hash, which is why there is a size limit. [9]
WPA2 has been found to have at least one security vulnerability, nicknamed Hole196. The vulnerability uses the WPA2 Group Temporal Key (GTK), which is a shared key among all users of the same BSSID, to launch attacks on other users of the same BSSID. It is named after page 196 of the IEEE 802.11i specification, where the vulnerability is discussed.
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WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK ("WPA-Personal", pre-shared key) WPA3 [5] WPA with EAP ("WPA-Enterprise", for example with RADIUS authentication server) RSN: PMKSA caching, pre-authentication; IEEE 802.11r; IEEE 802.11w; Wi-Fi Protected Setup ; Included with the supplicant are a GUI and a command-line utility for interacting with the running supplicant.
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