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Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a congenital abnormality of brain development where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate in the proper formation in utero. [1] Focal means that it is limited to a focal zone in any lobe . [ 2 ]
Pachygyria, lissencephaly (smooth brain), and polymicrogyria (multiple small gyri) are all the results of abnormal cell migration. The abnormal migration is typically associated with a disorganized cellular architecture, failure to form six layers of cortical neurons (a four-layer cortex is common), and functional problems.
The treatment of Muenke syndrome is focused on the correction of the abnormal skull shape and mirrors the treatment of coronal craniosynostosis. The abnormal growth patterns continue throughout the growing years; therefore, intervention, accurate diagnosis, and a customized, expertly carried-out treatment plan should be a primary concern.
With limited research, the most commonly regarded cause of porencephaly is disturbances in blood circulation, ultimately leading to brain damage. [6] However, a number of different and multiple factors such as abnormal brain development or damage to the brain tissue can also affect the development of porencephaly. [2]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 January 2025. Neoplasm in the brain Medical condition Brain tumor Other names Intracranial neoplasm, brain tumour, brain cancer Brain metastasis in the right cerebral hemisphere from lung cancer, shown on magnetic resonance imaging Specialty Neurosurgery, neuro-oncology Symptoms Vary depending on the ...
Gigantism is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet. [ 24 ] [ better source needed ] In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.
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PHACE syndrome is a medical condition characterized by uncommon associations between birth defects of the brain, skin (large facial infantile hemangiomas), arteries, heart and eyes. "PHACE" is an acronym for the parts of the body the syndrome usually impacts: Posterior fossa abnormalities and other structural brain abnormalities.