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A graphical abstract (or visual abstract [1]) is a graphical or visual equivalent of a written abstract. [2] [3] Graphical abstracts are a single image and are designed to help the reader to quickly gain an overview on a scholarly paper, research article, thesis or review: and to quickly ascertain the purpose and results of a given research, as well as the salient details of authors and journal.
In philosophy and the arts, a fundamental distinction is between things that are abstract and things that are concrete.While there is no general consensus as to how to precisely define the two, examples include that things like numbers, sets, and ideas are abstract objects, while plants, dogs, and planets are concrete objects. [1]
Abstraction is a process where general rules and concepts are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods.
In computer science, an abstract machine is a theoretical model that allows for a detailed and precise analysis of how a computer system functions. [1] It is similar to a mathematical function in that it receives inputs and produces outputs based on predefined rules.
ADTs were first proposed by Barbara Liskov and Stephen N. Zilles in 1974, as part of the development of the CLU language. [2] Algebraic specification was an important subject of research in CS around 1980 and almost a synonym for abstract data types at that time. [3]
An abstract syntax tree (AST) is a data structure used in computer science to represent the structure of a program or code snippet. It is a tree representation of the abstract syntactic structure of text (often source code) written in a formal language.
Summary or executive summary of a document, a short document or section that summarizes a longer document such as a report or proposal or a group of related reports; Introduction (writing) Summary (law), which has several meanings in law; Automatic summarization, the use of a computer program to produce an abstract or abridgement
The permutations of the Rubik's Cube form a group, a fundamental concept within abstract algebra.. In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are sets with specific operations acting on their elements. [1]