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An unordered pair is a finite set; its cardinality (number of elements) is 2 or (if the two elements are not distinct) 1. In axiomatic set theory, the existence of unordered pairs is required by an axiom, the axiom of pairing. More generally, an unordered n-tuple is a set of the form {a 1, a 2,... a n}. [5] [6] [7]
The ordered pair (a, b) is different from the ordered pair (b, a), unless a = b. In contrast, the unordered pair, denoted {a, b}, always equals the unordered pair {b, a}. Ordered pairs are also called 2-tuples, or sequences (sometimes, lists in a computer science context) of length 2. Ordered pairs of scalars are sometimes called 2-dimensional ...
The sample range is the difference between the maximum and minimum. It is a function of the order statistics: {, …,} = (). A similar important statistic in exploratory data analysis that is simply related to the order statistics is the sample interquartile range.
Lattices, partial orders in which each pair of elements has a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Many different types of lattice have been studied; see map of lattices for a list. Partially ordered sets (or posets), orderings in which some pairs are comparable and others might not be
Dense order, a total order wherein between any unequal pair of elements there is always an intervening element in the order; Glossary of order theory; Lexicographical order, an ordering method on sequences analogous to alphabetical order on words; List of order topics, list of order theory topics
In some cases, the data sets are paired, meaning there is an obvious and meaningful one-to-one correspondence between the data in the first set and the data in the second set, compare Blocking (statistics). For example, paired data can arise from measuring a single set of individuals at different points in time. [1]
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
The induced graph of an ordered graph is obtained by adding some edges to an ordering graph, using the method outlined below. The induced width of an ordered graph is the width of its induced graph. [2] Given an ordered graph, its induced graph is another ordered graph obtained by joining some pairs of nodes that are both parents of another node.