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  2. Atmospheric escape - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape

    The Earth additionally loses approximately 50 g/s of helium primarily through polar wind escape. Escape of other atmospheric constituents is much smaller. [1] A Japanese research team in 2017 found evidence of a small number of oxygen ions on the moon that came from the Earth. [11]

  3. Great Oxidation Event - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event

    Oxygen likely oxidized atmospheric methane (a strong greenhouse gas) to carbon dioxide (a weaker one) and water. This weakened the greenhouse effect of the Earth's atmosphere, causing planetary cooling, which has been proposed to have triggered a series of ice ages known as the Huronian glaciation , bracketing an age range of 2.45–2.22 Ga ...

  4. Oxygen cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_cycle

    The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen atoms between different oxidation states in ions, oxides, and molecules through redox reactions within and between the spheres/reservoirs of the planet Earth. [1] The word oxygen in the literature typically refers to the most common oxygen allotrope, elemental/diatomic oxygen (O 2), as it ...

  5. Geological history of oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen

    The increase in oxygen concentrations had wide ranging and significant impacts on Earth's biosphere. Most significantly, the rise of oxygen and the oxidative depletion of greenhouse gases (especially atmospheric methane) due to the GOE led to an icehouse Earth that caused a mass extinction of anaerobic microbes, but paved the way for the ...

  6. Oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

    Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. [68] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. [19] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass [69] as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.

  7. Isotopes of oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen

    Oxygen-15 is a radioisotope, often used in positron emission tomography (PET). It can be used in, among other things, water for PET myocardial perfusion imaging and for brain imaging. [20] [21] It has an atomic mass of 15.003 0656 (5), and a half-life of 122.266(43) s. It is produced through deuteron bombardment of nitrogen-14 using a cyclotron ...

  8. List of extinction events - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinction_events

    Most likely underwater volcanism associated with the Caribbean large igneous province, which would have caused global warming and acidic oceans [14] Aptian extinction: 117 Ma: Unknown, but may be due to volcanism of the Rajmahal Traps [15] Jurassic: End-Jurassic (Tithonian) 145 Ma

  9. Water cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle

    The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle) is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time.

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