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  2. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no ...

  3. Energy transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation

    Fire is an example of energy transformation Energy transformation using Energy Systems Language. Energy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. [1] In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work or moving (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat.

  4. Energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

    For example, the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy, whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force, among other examples.

  5. Rotamer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotamer

    For example, butane has three conformers relating to its two methyl (CH 3) groups: two gauche conformers, which have the methyls ±60° apart and are enantiomeric, and an anti conformer, where the four carbon centres are coplanar and the substituents are 180° apart (refer to free energy diagram of butane).

  6. Conformon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformon

    Therefore, conformons can be defined as packets of conformational energy generated from substrate binding or chemical reactions and confined within biopolymers. [ 1 ] On the other hand, from a physics standpoint, the conformon is a localization of elastic and electronic energy which may propagate in space with or without dissipation. [ 2 ]

  7. Conformal field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory

    For example, the 4d Maxwell theory (in the absence of charged matter fields) is a mean field theory built out of an antisymmetric tensor field with scaling dimension =. Mean field theories have a Lagrangian description in terms of a quadratic action involving Laplacian raised to an arbitrary real power (which determines the scaling dimension of ...

  8. Energy conversion efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency

    Energy converter is an example of an energy transformation. For example, a light bulb falls into the categories energy converter. η = P o u t P i n {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {P_{\mathrm {out} }}{P_{\mathrm {in} }}}} Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness, efficiency is considered a technical or physical term.

  9. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    For isolated systems, no energy is provided by the surroundings and the second law requires that the entropy of the system alone must increase: ΔS > 0. Examples of spontaneous physical processes in isolated systems include the following: 1) Heat can be transferred from a region of higher temperature to a lower temperature (but not the reverse).