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The game is played between two players on a board consisting of whole numbered tokens labeled 1 through N, where N is any positive whole number. During each turn, one player (deemed the tax payer) takes a number from the board, and the other player (deemed the taxman) removes all remaining factors of the tax payer's number from the board.
In mathematics, a multiple is the product of any quantity and an integer. [1] In other words, for the quantities a and b , it can be said that b is a multiple of a if b = na for some integer n , which is called the multiplier .
In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, also called the unique factorization theorem and prime factorization theorem, states that every integer greater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product of prime numbers, up to the order of the factors. [3] [4] [5] For example,
Several algorithms in number theory and cryptography use differences of squares to find factors of integers and detect composite numbers. A simple example is the Fermat factorization method , which considers the sequence of numbers x i := a i 2 − N {\displaystyle x_{i}:=a_{i}^{2}-N} , for a i := ⌈ N ⌉ + i {\displaystyle a_{i}:=\left\lceil ...
Greatest common divisors can be computed by determining the prime factorizations of the two numbers and comparing factors. For example, to compute gcd(48, 180) , we find the prime factorizations 48 = 2 4 · 3 1 and 180 = 2 2 · 3 2 · 5 1 ; the GCD is then 2 min(4,2) · 3 min(1,2) · 5 min(0,1) = 2 2 · 3 1 · 5 0 = 12 The corresponding LCM is ...
Demonstration, with Cuisenaire rods, of the first four highly composite numbers: 1, 2, 4, 6. A highly composite number is a positive integer that has more divisors than all smaller positive integers.
One way to classify composite numbers is by counting the number of prime factors. A composite number with two prime factors is a semiprime or 2-almost prime (the factors need not be distinct, hence squares of primes are included). A composite number with three distinct prime factors is a sphenic number. In some applications, it is necessary to ...
A simple but slow method of checking the primality of a given number , called trial division, tests whether is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Faster algorithms include the Miller–Rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small chance of error, and the AKS primality test , which always produces the correct ...