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Liquid hydrogen also has a much higher specific energy than gasoline, natural gas, or diesel. [12] The density of liquid hydrogen is only 70.85 kg/m 3 (at 20 K), a relative density of just 0.07. Although the specific energy is more than twice that of other fuels, this gives it a remarkably low volumetric energy density, many fold lower.
In materials science, liquefaction [1] is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas [2] or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. [3] It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to ...
Liquid nitrogen. Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders.
Liquid hydrogen is a common rocket propellant, and it can also be used as the fuel for an internal combustion engine or fuel cell. [citation needed] Solid hydrogen can be made at standard pressure, by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C; −434.45 °F).
Japan has a liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage facility at a terminal in Kobe, and was expected to receive the first shipment of liquid hydrogen via LH2 carrier in 2020. [162] Hydrogen is liquified by reducing its temperature to −253 °C, similar to liquified natural gas (LNG) which is stored at −162 °C.
Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen at the triple point with a lower temperature and a higher density than liquid hydrogen. It is commonly formed by repeating a freeze-thaw process. [1] This is most easily done by bringing liquid hydrogen near its boiling point and then reducing pressure using a vacuum pump.
The autoignition temperature or self-ignition temperature, often called spontaneous ignition temperature or minimum ignition temperature (or shortly ignition temperature) and formerly also known as kindling point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. [1]
The amount of mass that can be lifted by hydrogen in air per unit volume at sea level, equal to the density difference between hydrogen and air, is: (1.292 - 0.090) kg/m 3 = 1.202 kg/m 3. and the buoyant force for one m 3 of hydrogen in air at sea level is: 1 m 3 × 1.202 kg/m 3 × 9.8 N/kg= 11.8 N