Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Wikidata item; Appearance. ... The following articles contain lists of problems: List of philosophical problems;
In computability theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which an effective method (algorithm) to derive the correct answer does not exist. More formally, an undecidable problem is a problem whose language is not a recursive set ; see the article Decidable language .
Problem definition: Naming the problem. Process–product shift: Developing some sort of process to make sense of looking at similar problems but not yet arriving at an answer unique to this problem. Parameter setting: Describing limits to the future solution. Pragmatism: Practically selecting one of several solutions.
The interventionist account, developed by philosophers like James Woodward, solves the problem by defining counterfactuals in terms of specific physical interventions on causal systems. For example, "If Swan had not invented the light bulb" is interpreted as "If we intervened on the physical system to prevent Swan's invention". [ 1 ]
An example of a decision problem is deciding with the help of an algorithm whether a given natural number is prime. Another example is the problem, "given two numbers x and y, does x evenly divide y?" A method for solving a decision problem, given in the form of an algorithm, is called a decision procedure for that problem.
This is a list of some of the more commonly known problems that are NP-complete when expressed as decision problems. As there are thousands of such problems known, this list is in no way comprehensive. Many problems of this type can be found in Garey & Johnson (1979).
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
To find it, start at such a p 0 containing at least two individuals in their reduced list, and define recursively q i+1 to be the second on p i 's list and p i+1 to be the last on q i+1 's list, until this sequence repeats some p j, at which point a rotation is found: it is the sequence of pairs starting at the first occurrence of (p j, q j ...