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Arab scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad. Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 1237. Arab scientists and scholars from the Muslim World, including Al-Andalus (Spain), who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age, include the following. The list consists primarily of scholars during the Middle Ages.
The Academy of Gondishapur remained active throughout the time of the Abbasid caliphate, though. [18] Scholars discuss medicine, from a medieval Islamic manuscript. An important source from the second half of the 8th century is Jabir ibn Hayyans "Book of Poisons".
Ancient Egyptians established an organization of higher learning – the Per-ankh, which means the "House of Life" – in 2000 BCE. [3] [4]In the third century BCE, amid the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Serapeum, Mouseion, and Library of Alexandria served as organizations of higher learning in Alexandria.
The House of Wisdom was much more than a library, and a vast amount of original scientific and philosophical work was produced by scholars and intellectuals in relation to it (although many were lost due to the destruction of the library). This allowed Muslim scholars to verify astronomical information that was handed down from past scholars. [2]
The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: Father of Modern Surgery [1] and the Father of Operative Surgery. [2] Ibn al-Nafis: Father of Circulatory Physiology and Anatomy.
European scholars who traveled to the Holy Land and other parts of the Islamic world gained access to Arabic manuscripts and mathematical treatises. During the 14th to 17th century, the translation of Arabic mathematical texts, along with Greek and Roman ones, played a crucial role in shaping the intellectual landscape of the Renaissance.
The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today. [18] The House of Wisdom was a library established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph al-Mansur [19] in 825 modeled after the academy of Jundishapur.
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation [6]; Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy [7]; Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology [8]