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In the International System of Quantities (ISQ), the speed of light in vacuum, c, [15] is related to the magnetic constant and the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), ε 0, by the equation: =. This relation can be derived using Maxwell's equations of classical electromagnetism in the medium of classical vacuum .
In physics, magnetic pressure is an energy density associated with a magnetic field. In SI units, the energy density of a magnetic field with strength can be expressed as = where is the vacuum permeability.
In the microscopic formulation of electromagnetism, where there is no concept of an H field, the vacuum permeability μ 0 appears directly (in the SI Maxwell's equations) as a factor that relates total electric currents and time-varying electric fields to the B field they generate.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
mu: magnetic moment: ampere square meter (A⋅m 2) coefficient of friction: unitless (dynamic) viscosity (also ) pascal second (Pa⋅s) permeability (electromagnetism) henry per meter (H/m) reduced mass: kilogram (kg) Standard gravitational parameter: cubic meter per second squared mu nought
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
The above equations are the microscopic version of Maxwell's equations, expressing the electric and the magnetic fields in terms of the (possibly atomic-level) charges and currents present. This is sometimes called the "general" form, but the macroscopic version below is equally general, the difference being one of bookkeeping.
The analogous quantity for a plane wave travelling through a dielectric medium is called the intrinsic impedance of the medium and designated η ().Hence Z 0 is sometimes referred to as the intrinsic impedance of free space, [2] and given the symbol η 0. [3]