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anodizing – electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer, producing a porous surface which can accept organic or inorganic dyes easily. In the case of titanium, niobium, and stainless steel, the colour formed is dependent on the thickness of the oxide (which is determined by the anodizing voltage).
In the 1960s, procedures were developed for the anodic oxidation of titanium, a little later niobium and tantalum, and a little bit earlier stainless steel (circa 1957 patent US 2957812 A). [15] Unlike anodically oxidized aluminum, these procedures do not involve an oxide layer that can be colored with special dyes, but interference colors .
The coating color can also be changed with dyes, so color is not a complete indicator of the process used. ISO 4520 specifies chromate conversion coatings on electroplated zinc and cadmium coatings. ASTM B633 Type II and III specify zinc plating plus chromate conversion on iron and steel parts.
Tempering colors are produced when steel is heated and a thin film of iron oxide forms on the surface. The color indicates the temperature the steel reached, which made this one of the earliest practical uses of thin-film interference. Ferrous materials, including steel, may be somewhat protected by promoting oxidation ("rust") and then ...
White color cannot be applied due to the larger molecule size than the pore size of the oxide layer. [23] Alternatively, metal (usually tin) can be electrolytically deposited in the pores of the anodic coating to provide more lightfast colors. Metal dye colors range from pale champagne to black. Bronze shades are commonly used for architectural ...
Black oxide or blackening is a conversion coating for ferrous materials, stainless steel, copper and copper based alloys, zinc, powdered metals, and silver solder. [1] It is used to add mild corrosion resistance, for appearance, and to minimize light reflection. [ 2 ]
Similarly, stainless steel parts may be immersed in a mixture of nitrates and chromates, similarly heated. Either of these two methods is called 'hot bluing'. Hot bluing is the current standard [ 7 ] in gun bluing, as both it and rust bluing provide the most permanent degree of rust-resistance and cosmetic protection of exposed gun metal, and ...
Stainless steel, also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES), and rustless steel, is an iron-based alloy containing a minimum level of chromium that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the 10.5%, or more, chromium content which forms a passive film that can protect the material ...