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Diffusion of responsibility [1] is a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other bystanders or witnesses are present. Considered a form of attribution , the individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or have already done so.
What constitutes the substance of the continuum may differ by culture, although each culture's continuum has two ends. One pole represents the aforementioned, "scope of justice" and the other pole represents what is considered unjust, cruel or dehumanizing within that culture. [18] The root of exclusion begins with basic categorization.
One way to counteract the action bias is to use a broader range of tests or to get a second opinion from colleagues and technical experts from relevant fields before making a final diagnosis. [3] In medical decision-making there is the predisposition of professionals to interfere, even if not interfering would be a better option.
On the one hand, to make individuals at risk of exclusion more attractive to employers, i.e. more "employable". On the other hand, to encourage (and/or oblige) employers to be more inclusive in their employment policies. The EU's EQUAL Community Initiative investigated ways to increase the inclusiveness of the labor market.
The belief "that no one should be forcibly prevented from acting in any way he chooses provided his acts are not invasive of the free acts of others" has become one of the basic principles of libertarian politics. [6] The US Libertarian Party includes a version of the harm principle as part of its official party platform. It states:
A similar view is that individual moral culpability lies in individual character. That is, a person with the character of a murderer has no choice other than to murder, but can still be punished because it is right to punish those of bad character. How one's character was determined is irrelevant from this perspective.
In a further study, Thornberg concluded that there are seven stages of moral deliberation as a bystander in bystander situations among the Swedish schoolchildren he observed and interviewed: (a) noticing that something is wrong, i.e., children pay selective attention to their environment, and sometimes they do not tune in on a distressed peer ...
In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action. [1]