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The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core principles of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism , a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the ...
Whole-process people's democracy is a primarily consequentialist view, in which the most important criterion for evaluating the success of democracy is whether democracy can "solve the people's real problems," while a system in which "the people are awakened only for voting" is not truly democratic. [40]
Libertarian socialism strives for a free and equal society, [1] aiming to transform work and everyday life. [2] Broadly defined, libertarian socialism encapsulates any political ideology that favours workers' control of the means of production and the replacement of capitalism with a system of cooperative economics, [3] [4] or common ownership. [5]
The French ultra-gauche, has a stronger meaning in that language and is used to define a movement that still exists today: a branch of left communism developed from theorists such as Bordiga, Rühle, Pannekoek, Gorter, and Mattick, and continuing with more recent writers, such as Jacques Camatte and Gilles Dauvé. This standpoint includes two ...
Social democracy underwent various major forms throughout its history and is distinguished between the early trend [196] that supported revolutionary socialism, [197] mainly related to Marx and Engels, [198] as well as other notable social-democratic politicians and orthodox Marxist thinkers such as Bernstein, [191] Kautsky, [189] Luxemburg ...
In the United States, communism is widely used as a pejorative term as part of a Red Scare, much like socialism, and mainly in reference to authoritarian socialism and Communist states. The emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally Communist state led to the term's widespread association with Marxism–Leninism and the Soviet ...
By the 1880s, anarcho-communism had reached the United States as can be seen in the publication of the journal Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly by Lucy Parsons and Lizzy Holmes. [49] Parsons debated in her time in the United States with fellow anarcha-communist Emma Goldman over issues of free love and feminism. [49]
Rosa Luxemburg was a vocal proponent of radical socialist democracy, and advocated for the revolution to be led by workers' and soldiers' councils. [18] She was also openly critical of the actions of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution, arguing that their approach was anti-democratic and totalitarian.