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John Harington's toilet. In the 16th century, Sir John Harington invented a flush toilet as a device for Queen Elizabeth I (his godmother) that released wastes into cesspools. [71] After the adoption of gunpowder, municipal outhouses became an important source of raw material for the making of saltpeter in European countries. [72]
Here is an in-depth look at how people used medieval "toilets" during the Middle Ages, which were way crappier than we could've imagined. The post These Medieval Toilet Facts Paint the Period as ...
Nowadays, the word "toilet" is more commonly used than "latrine", except when referring to simple systems like "pit latrines" or "trench latrines". [3] The use of latrines was a major advancement in sanitation over more basic practices such as open defecation, and helped control the spread of many waterborne diseases. However, unsafe defecation ...
London had its first public toilet from early 12th century near Queenhithe. [83] Most toilets in London in this period emptied into cesspits, which were supposed to be emptied regularly, but there was a toilet in the Palace of Westminster connected to a sewer from 1307. [84] Cesspits and sewers often leaked into rivers, either by design or by ...
Toilet chair. A close stool was an early type of portable toilet, made in the shape of a cabinet or box at sitting height with an opening in the top.The external structure contained a pewter or earthenware chamberpot to receive the user's excrement and urine when they sat on it; this was normally covered (closed) by a folding lid.
Archaeologists discovered 11 toilets (not pictured) dating back to the mid-1800s, along with artifacts. Teams sifted through 5-foot deep pits, finding a cow bone , a shell and a pocket watch ...
Middle Ages – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery .
Middle Ages – periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era . It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic , Medieval and Modern .