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Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
The cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Some may have no symptoms. [ 6 ] Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence , or frequent urination . [ 1 ]
Bladder spasms, painful contractions of the bladder, can cause leakage from the stoma or the urethra [30] and may need to be treated with medication called an antispasmodic. [ 33 ] Urinary tract infections: Urinary tract infections can be a concern in people who use catheters due to incomplete emptying or catheter contamination from the hands ...
Among women with chronic pelvic pain, the most common comorbidities are endometriosis (70%), postpartum pelvic pain (44%), bladder pain syndrome (61%) and irritable bowel syndrome (39%).
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
Bladder instillation of medication is one of the main forms of treatment of interstitial cystitis, but evidence for its effectiveness is currently limited. [10] Advantages of this treatment approach include direct contact of the medication with the bladder and low systemic side effects due to poor absorption of the medication. [10]
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Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2] This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer in men, and the seventeenth in women. [69] When women are diagnosed with bladder cancer, they tend to have more advanced disease and consequently a poorer prognosis. [69]