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  2. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

    Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]

  3. Cramp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramp

    A cramp is a sudden, involuntary, painful skeletal muscle contraction [1] [2] or overshortening associated with electrical activity; [3] while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle.

  4. Kidney disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_disease

    Kidney disease usually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option. Chronic kidney disease is defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities ...

  5. Chronic kidney disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

    A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 is considered normal without chronic kidney disease if there is no kidney damage present. Kidney damage is defined signs of damage seen in blood, urine, or imaging studies which includes lab albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30. [59]

  6. List of eponymous medical signs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_medical...

    increased pain along vein with Valsalva; proximal pressure prevents this Lowenberg's sign: Robert I. Lowenberg: vascular medicine: deep vein thrombosis (needed) immediate pain on inflating blood pressure cuff around calf MacDonald triad: John M. MacDonald: psychiatry: sociopathic personality disorder

  7. Intermittent claudication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_claudication

    Intermittent claudication, also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), [1] classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest.

  8. Erythema nodosum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_nodosum

    Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of subcutaneous fat tissue, resulting in painful red/blue lumps or nodules that are usually seen symmetrically on both shins, on the thighs, arms, and elsewhere. [1] It can be caused by a variety of conditions but 20 to 50% of cases are idiopathic.

  9. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monckeberg's_arteriosclerosis

    An orofacial pain evaluation was performed which resulted in no abnormalities found in the patient. The individual had their pain, which was produced by Mönckeberg medial arteriosclerosis, controlled by using high dosed corticosteroids combined with the usage of warm compresses and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). [35]