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2.7% (1 in 37) – Picton- Elevation, New Zealand; 2.65% (1 in 37.7) – Lickey Incline, UK; 2.6% (1 in 38) – A slope near Halden on Østfold Line, Norway – Ok for passenger multiple units, but an obstacle for freight trains which must keep their weight down on this international mainline because of the slope. Freight traffic has mainly ...
Tobler's hiking function is an exponential function determining the hiking speed, taking into account the slope angle. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was formulated by Waldo Tobler . This function was estimated from empirical data of Eduard Imhof .
So, for example, if a route is 20 kilometres (12 mi) with 1600 metres of climb (as is the case on leg 1 of the Bob Graham Round, Keswick to Threlkeld), the equivalent flat distance of this route is 20+(1.6×8)=32.8 kilometres (20.4 mi). Assuming an individual can maintain a speed on the flat of 5 km/h, the route will take 6 hours and 34 minutes.
Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [ 1 ] It is a dimensionless quantity , usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).
Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.
It is a vertical distance between survey point and adopted datum surface. [1] Thus, it is considered as the base level which is used as reference to reckon heights or depths of other places or structures in that area, region or country. [2] The word "Reduced" here means "equating" and the word "level" means "elevation".
This can be expressed in the distance traveled horizontally for a rise of one unit, or in terms of an angle of inclination or a percentage difference in elevation for a given distance of the track. The allowable gradients may be based on the ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive.
When distances are measured along the slope, the equivalent horizontal distance may be determined by applying a slope correction. The vertical slope angle of the length measured must be measured. (Refer to the figure on the other side) Thus,