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ENS is a potential complication of nasal turbinate surgery or injury. [1] [2] Patients have usually undergone a turbinectomy (removal or reduction of structures inside the nose called turbinates) or other surgical procedures that injure the nasal turbinates. ENS patients may experience a range of symptoms.
A turbinectomy or turbinoplasty (preserving the mucosal layer) is a surgical procedure, that removes tissue, and sometimes bone, of the turbinates in the nasal passage, particularly the inferior nasal concha. The procedure is usually performed to relieve nasal obstructions. [1]
For chronic nasal obstruction, the turbinates are targeted; For habitual snoring, the soft palate and the uvula are targeted; For obstructive sleep apnea, the base of the tongue and other airway structures are targeted; Note: the actual areas targeted depends on each individual's specific anatomy, so the above are just general associations.
Nasal surgery is a specialty including the removal of nasal obstruction that cannot be achieved by medication and nasal reconstruction. Currently, it comprises four approaches, namely rhinoplasty, septoplasty, sinus surgery, and turbinoplasty, targeted at different sections of the nasal cavity in the order of their external to internal positions.
Chronic atrophic rhinitis, or simply atrophic rhinitis, is a chronic inflammation of the nose characterised by atrophy of nasal mucosa, including the glands, turbinate bones and the nerve elements supplying the nose. Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be primary and secondary.
In such a case the turbinate can be reduced in size by endoscopic nasal surgery (turbinectomy). The presence of a concha bullosa is often associated with deviation of the nasal septum toward the opposite side of the nasal cavity. [3]
Turbinectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or some of the turbinate bones are removed to relieve nasal obstruction. Reduction of the tongue base, either with laser excision or radiofrequency ablation .
For nasal obstruction, options can be septoplasty, turbinate reductions, or surgical palate expansion. [2] Orthognathic surgeries that expands the airway, such as Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) are the most effective surgeries for sleep disordered breathing.