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Alloparenting (or alloparental care) is a term for any form of parental care provided by an individual towards young that are not its own direct offspring. These are often called "non-descendant" young, [1] even though grandchildren can be among them. [2] Among humans, alloparenting is often performed by a child's grandparents and older siblings.
Allomothering, allomaternal infant care/handling, or non-maternal infant care/handling is performed by any group member other than the mother. Alloparental care is provided by group members other than the genetic father or the mother and thus is distinguished from parental care.
However, we know that humans are ambilocal or bilocal, meaning either males or females may disperse, which can impact the availability of maternal or paternal kin. [8] [19] Bilocality may have led to the diverse use of both kin and non-kin as allomothers in humans. Allomothering appears to also be tied to the environment, with increased levels ...
“Alloparenting,” in which a community bolsters the rearing of children, dates back to hunter-gatherers, when it was a key means of survival. Birthing and raising a child not only benefits from ...
A father and a mother holding their infant child. Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and educational development from infancy to adulthood.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
However, potential costs of alloparenting may include the expenditure of time and resources in caring for non-descendant offspring with no apparent direct benefits to alloparents. [26] The offspring that experience alloparental care may benefit from increased protection from predators and the learning of group dynamics through social interactions.
Father and children reading. According to a literature review by Christopher Spera (2005), Darling and Steinberg (1993) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices: "Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children", while parenting style is "the emotional climate in which ...